Case Study: Google in China Essay

When Larry Page and Sergy Brin first propelled the Internet web search tool, Google; they did as such in light of one objective, to give individuals looking through the web to data with the quickest, most dependable web crawler. On account of their imagination and advancement, Google is one of the biggest and most productive Internet web crawlers accessible. With in excess of 150 spaces around the world, individuals in pretty much every nation can look the Internet for data about everything from recorded realities to recent developments. Instilled into the company’s code of morals is the regularly cited state â€Å"don’t be evil† (Hill, 2009, p. 148). By this, Google implies the organization won't bargain their Code of Conduct and will give searchers data which is ebb and flow and not one-sided or controlled at all. To Google, their Code of Conduct is additionally about â€Å"doing the privilege thing† (Google, 2009, para. 1). In light of Google’s C ode of Conduct when the organization entered China, human rights activists had trusts that the residents of China could look through the Internet without the Chinese government blue penciling the outcomes. The motivation behind this paper is to address the accompanying with respect to Google’s nearness in China, (a) the lawful, social, and moral difficulties standing up to Google, and (b) the different jobs the Chinese government plays in Google’s Chinese business activities. Likewise, the paper will incorporate a rundown of the key and operational difficulties confronting Google chiefs who are living and working in China.. Lawful, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES In 2000, Google started offering administrations to the Chinese permitting them the capacity to look in their own language. Google didn't have an office in China so the administration was out of the United States. For roughly two years, the Chinese individuals could utilize Google to scan for data over the Internet. At that point in 2002, the Chinese government blocked access to Google’s site and rather started making searchers utilize a site affirmed by the Chinese government. At the point when the legislature later permitted access to Google, individuals found certain destinations considered politically delicate were not accessible. China was blocking destinations the administration thought about incendiary. To take care of this issue, Google chose to set up an office in China with the objective of giving the Chinese populace access to the biggest measure of data the organization could give. Basically, Google willfully consented to edit certain outcomes thought about incendiary by the Chinese government. This made lawful and moral issues of Google having the option to satisfy the organization gauges of giving clients complete access to all data. Different Roles the Chinese Government Plays In 2010, Google found their site had been hacked into. In spite of the fact that the organization won't state publically whether they think the Chinese government was behind the hacking, they informed the administration they would no longer deliberately blue pencil their indexed lists. As indicated by Branigan â€Å"Google asserted the digital assault began from China and that its protected innovation was taken, yet that proof proposed an essential objective was getting to the Gmail records of Chinese human rights activists† (Branigan, 2010, para. 14). Google likewise expressed that they found where Gmail records of human rights activists living in China, Europe, and the United States were being hacked into by outsiders on a normal premise (Branigan, 2010). During February, an announcement was discharged by Secretary of State Clinton concerning the privileges of all to approach the Internet and â€Å"pledging to record a proper State Department fight with respect to this mont h’s asserted Google China restriction and hacking† (Baer, 2010, para. 1). Key and Operational Challenges As a result of these most recent turns of events, Google ended up in the situation of expecting to settle on some extremely troublesome choices. The organization expected to choose whether or not they ought to stay in China and consent to the conditions of the Chinese government. These terms basically implied permitting outsiders to access and screen the company’s site and Gmail accounts. Nonetheless, Google appears to have discovered an answer for this situation by giving searchers a connect to the company’s uncensored Hong Kong site. The Chinese government is by all accounts in concurrence with this arrangement and is permitting Google to stay in China for the present (Horowitz, 2010). End At the point when Google chose to enter the Chinese market, the organization did so on the grounds that they knew how significant the Chinese market was for their business. They additionally understood that China gave a chance to the organization to develop. In any case, entering China likewise brought about Google being confronted with settling on some genuine moral and legitimate choices. These choices incorporate whether Google should keep on blue penciling results on its site or if Google in the long run needs to pull out of China. As of now, Google assumes that giving the Chinese access to some data is better than not giving them access to any data. References Baer, M. (2010). _Cyber assaults and the moral element of the Google China episode_. Recovered from http://globalcomment.com/2010/digital assaults the-moral element of-the-google-china-scene/ Branigan, T. (2010). _Google challenge to China over censorship_. Recovered from http://www.guardian.co.uk/innovation/2010/jan/13/google-china-control fight Google. (2009). _Google Investor Relations Code of Conduct_. Recovered from http://investor.google.com/corporate/code-of-conduct.html#I Slope, C. W. (2009). _International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace_ (seventh ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin Horowitz, D. (2010). _Google Still in China_. Recovered from http://www.daniweb.com/news/story295468.html

Sarah Dessen Research Peper

Love is an amazing thing, yet can be immediately harmed when the individuals who love, relinquish their friends and family. Creator Sarah Dessen depicts numerous topics and subjects in her works, a large portion of which incorporate love, kinship, sentiment, and deserting. One of Dessen's works is Lock and Key, where Dessen's narrating strategy fits the vibe of the story, permitting it to push ahead as Ruby lives step by step yet at the same time sticks to her past. It's an interesting and insightful anecdote pretty much a wide range of connections and love.Another epic by Dessen is Along for the Ride which is likewise about new elationships, sentiment, and traversing the past. It feels as though Auden is sharing certainty as she finds that individuals are difficult to make sense of and can change. She is an incredible unique character. Creator Sarah Dessen manages the topic of deserting and sentiment in the books Lock and Key, and Along for the Ride There are numerous qualities and attributes that join all characters. The principle character from Along for the Ride is Auden. She is an autonomous young lady who never got the chance to encounter an ordinary childhood.Since Auden was never given ttention she generally did what her folks needed attempting to get some acknowledgment, so she drenched herself into her school work so as to succeed like her folks. Auden is a keen individual; she went to tuition based schools as long as she can remember, and got acknowledged to her first decision of school. The principle character from Lock and Key is Ruby who is free and doesn't take help from others. Everybody has surrendered her so is there any valid reason why people wouldn't she met in another spot do likewise? So she grew up believing that nobody could be trusted.She is shut off and doesn't open up to individuals; she is separated from everyone else more often than not and likes it as such. Both Auden and Ruby grew up freely, they were relinquished by their folks in type of child rearing and needed to grow up as a person, which drove them to remain shut off from others. The choices didn't just have fundamental characters with normal qualities yet additionally shared some comparative topics. When perusing an account of any sort there consistently subjects communicated all through. A few subjects are evident while others are unclear. Furthermore, a few stories have numerous subjects while others have one.Some of the topics communicated in the two books are: it's critical to have the option to open up to other people and express ndividuality; certain individuals can be trusted after some time; Friendships are significant and can be found in unforeseen spots; Finding companions can likewise enable an individual to get themselves. Likewise for the two books, it's never past the point where it is possible to do anything. An individual ought to never feel like they can't accomplish something in light of the fact that the ideal opportunity for it pa ssed; don't Judge anything or anybody; when an individual meets another person they shouldn't in a flash pass judgment and order the individual; No one ever knows who an individual is Just from their looks.Express singularity have the option to open up; No one should shut themselves off to anybody. The two books shared numerous comparative topics, and have communicated the battles that the characters needed to manage. We as a whole face numerous battles all through life, some harder than others. All through the books Lock and Key and Along for the Ride both the fundamental characters, Ruby and Auden, face numerous battles, including numerous things from adoration and sentiment to family and deserting. Ruby feels alone and lost subsequent to being deserted by her mom thus numerous others in her life.Ruby never got any consideration trom ner mother growing up; the li ttle consideration sne d get was savage and not invited. Ruby was never truly come clean; her mom made her think her da d needed to leave her and her sister needed nothing to do with her, which made Ruby battle and endure incredibly. Auden never had the youth most youngsters had encountered. Passing up numerous things, she wasn't care for most messes with her age. Auden consistently lived up to their high desires for school and what they approved.She was never given a lot of any consideration from her folks so she was inundated in school while different children would be submerged in companions and sports. Since she generally lived up to her parent's desires she was never given any of the consideration she merited. The two characters confronted battles of being relinquished they were totally overlooked and minded their own business. All individuals are utilized to routine somehow, regardless of whether they are utilized to a similar set timetable consistently or they are utilized to the daily schedule of progress. Auden consistently appreciated being separated from everyone else, up the entire evenin g going to same bistro each night.She was utilized to the regular old calendar, living with her fruitful mother, minding her own business for the most part, and going to class. Ruby was utilized to the continually changing, sudden way of life. Alone with Just her mom, Ruby was continually moving around until her mother left as well. She as used to living all alone as an adolescent when deserted by her mom for good. She was utilized to her mom's unexplained unlucky deficiencies, and her mom surrendering her for the last time was Just a business as usual she was utilized to, bedlam. In any case, schedules break thus does the tumult, opening up new beginnings.We may have the schedules that we stick to however everything changes; the main thing consistent is change, which opens up fresh starts. Auden changes her normal routine when she leaves her customary range of familiarity and chooses to spend the late spring at her dad's. Auden attempts things she ordinarily wouldn't, feeling she p assed up a great deal. She makes new companions and gets progressively associated with the individuals around her and generally her family. Auden learns it's never past the point where it is possible to do what she passed up. With Auden's new beginning, her and her new companion Eli make a journey to do what Auden's passed up, and en route become familiar with the genuine importance of friendship.Opening up for Ruby is troublesome; she gets a kick out of the chance to hold things in; she doesn't ever communicate her emotions in light of the fact that with her childhood she felt nobody could be trusted; in her new home, in any case, she is discovering that it's alright to open up and take help when she needs it. Ruby, once being shut off, learns o improve; she begins to open up and contact others which she wouldn't typically have done. It was hard for Ruby to become accustomed to such another way of life, presently in a major, costly house living with her sister who she thought had s urrendered her, with new individuals, new companions, new things learned and to be learned.Both of the young ladies, Auden and Ruby, change and start off on fresh starts in new situations; the two of them start to reconnect with who they had been relinquished by. They are likewise beginning to open up to new companions, some whom appear to be somewhat more than Just companions. Love is amazing and recuperating; it is surrounding us, and it is the thing that causes us to continue pushing through the hardships throughout everyday life. Companionships, companions, or any connections were the exact opposite thing Ruby was searching for, however after some time connections and fellowships started to create at all presumable of spots.

Inspirational Speech by Steve Jobs

Inspirational Speech by Steve Jobs Steve Jobs (1955â€"2011, 56), founder of Apple Inc, gave this amazing and inspirational speech to Stanford University graduates on June 12, 2005.Watch or read below his wise and thoughtful words. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. Thats it. No big deal. Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him? They said: Of course. My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldnt see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to d rop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didnt interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasnt all romantic. I didnt have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5 ¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didnt have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a call igraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science cant capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something â€" your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky â€" I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation â€" the Macintosh â€" a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the co mpany with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didnt know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me â€" I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happen ed to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apples current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Dont lose faith. Im convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I di d. Youve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you havent found it yet, keep looking. Dont settle. As with all matters of the heart, youll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Dont settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: If you live each day as if it was your last, someday youll most certainly be right. It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.Remembering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything â€" all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didnt even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctors code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything y ou thought youd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and Im fine now.This was the closest Ive been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Lifes change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma â€" which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not fa r from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.Submitted by Ketki O riginal Source: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html Steve Jobs Biography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs

Should The Language Of The Constitution Be Applied

Part 1 – Critical Thinking Questions 4,5,7,8,9,11 pg. 200, 1,2,4,6,8,9,11 pg. 233 4 Should the language of the U.S Constitution be applied in its original meaning or should it be applied in a more expansive sense? Explain I believe that the U.S constitution should be applied in a more expansive sense. A lot of our country has changed since 1789 when the constitution was first written. The way of life is different, the way we prosecute criminals is different, even the way we handle civil disputes is different. At the beginning, the constitution served as an application to that era’s disputes and defiances. Today we are seeing new issues arising. Human rights, police brutality, protesting in a criminally provocative way , yes, you name†¦show more content†¦Article I of the U.S Constitution create the legislative branch, which creates the laws of the land. Article II of the Constitution creates the executive branch, which enforces the laws. The judicial branch is created in Article III of the Constitution. This branch provides interpretation of the la ws and has the power to review and decide cases involving states rights. 11 What does the supremacy clause provide? What would be the consequences if the supremacy clause did not exist? The supremacy clause states that the United States Constitution, treaties, federal laws, and federal regulations are the supreme law of the land, if this didn’t exist then states would have more power over the federal government. 1 Describe the difference between the state limited-jurisdiction courts and general jurisdiction courts. Limited jurisdiction courts only have jurisdiction in specific in only well-defined areas of law. General jurisdiction courts have general jurisdiction over all subject matters within their local jurisdiction. 2 What are the functions of the state intermediate courts and the highest state courts? Explain. 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Judaism, Christianity, And Islam - 875 Words

There have been many religions beyond our time most of which have believed in a higher power or powers. Christianity, Islam and Judaism, the three most dominant religions are no different. They are all Monotheistic meaning they believe in one sole higher power or God. Though they share this common idea and many other similarity, they have many distinct features of their own that make them different as a whole. Many past religions have believed in the idea of multiple gods, Polytheism. Judaism, Christianity and Islam believe in one Supreme creator, Monotheism. They believe in the faith of God meaning that God is the supreme creator of the universe and everything in it. Although this is true for the three, one main difference that they have is that both Judaism and Islam believe that God is one and cannot be divided into any distinct parts. This is different in Christianity, they believe in the Trinity of God where he is divided into the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. Another sim ilarity that they contain among them is that they all believe in an afterlife and that there is some sort of heaven and hell. The underlying determination to where you will go after death is determined by the actions and the life you lead while here on earth. Each religion has their beliefs to what actions are acceptable for their salvation. They each also have their own sacred text, Christianity has the bible, Islam the Quran and Judaism the Tanakh, though their beliefs fall from similarShow MoreRelatedJudaism, Christianity, And Islam992 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism, Christianity and Islam are three of the most recognized monotheistic religions worldwide. These religions are often referred to as the Abrahamic religions because of their history to the founding father, Abraham. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are closely related with varying differences. Christianity was born from within the Jewish tradition, and Islam developed from both Christianity and Judaism. 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Arguably more so than any other ideological systems, Abrahamic religion has been among the most influential forces in human history. The shared elements of their traditions have allowed them to develop in part through a multi-faceted dialogue with each other. These faiths, despite sharing a commonRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Judaism1375 Words   |  6 Pages Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three of the most influential world religions in history. Judaism is not as large as Islam and Christianity, however it has had a powerful influence on the world. These three have been called â€Å"Abrahamic religions† because their history has been traced to the Hebrew Bible and more specifically Abraham. Christianity, Judaism and Islam have similar beliefs in reference to their view of a deity, the afterlife, sin, salvation, and style of worship. The view each

brown vs. board of education Free Essays

Brown vs. Board of Education Free Essays Brown V. Board of Education In the early 1950’s, racial segregation in public schools was normal across America. Although all the schools in a given district were supposed to be equal, most black schools were far inferior to their white counterparts. We will write a custom essay sample on Brown vs. Board of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader had to walk miles just to get to her all black elementary school. Her father, Oliver Brown, had tried to enroll her in a white elementary school but was refused. Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help. They were eager to help the Browns since it had long wanted to challenge segregation public schools. Other black parents joined Brown, and, in 1951, the NAACP requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka’s public schools. Brown and the NAACP appealed to the Supreme Court on October 1, 1951 and their case was combined with other cases that challenged school segregation in South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. On the other hand, the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, and no Supreme Court had overturned Plessy yet. The Supreme Court first heard the case on December 9, 1952, but failed to reach a decision. In the reengagement, heard from December 7-8, 1953, the Court requested that both sides discuss â€Å"the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. † The rearguement shed very little additional light on the issue. The Court had to make its decision based not on whether or not the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment had desegregated schools in mind when they wrote the amendment in 1868, but based on whether or not desegregated schools deprived black children of equal protection of the law when the case was decided, in 1954. Eventually the Supreme Court struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine of Plessy for public education and ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. How to cite Brown vs. Board of Education, Papers

Speech of Tribute (Outline) †Christiaan Barnard Essay Example

Speech of Tribute (Outline) – Christiaan Barnard Essay Introduction (herby introducing the salient points I am going to discuss in this speech)1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the fast pace of today’s life and the increased amounts of saturated fats and other unhealthy substances we consume, the rate of heart disease is high, and one day all of our hearts, including yours, may give out.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this does happen, you don’t have to be as concerned as people whose hearts gave in before the days of the first heart transplant, by South African Doctor Christiaan Barnard were.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First we are going to look at what led him up to this pioneering surgery, secondly the surgery itself and thirdly the implications this has had for the later world.Transition. (moving onto the body of the speech)4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F irst, let’s discuss the background of the man, described by ex-South African President Nelson Mandela as one of South Africa’s main achievers (BBC News 2001) who made this marked contribution to medicine.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barnard was the son of a clergyman, born on 8 November 1922. (Answers.com 2006).6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He grew up in a small town in the Karoo semi desert region of South Africa (BBC News 2001)7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From these humble beginnings he went on to study medicine first at the University of Cape Town and then the University of Minneapolis, where he switched from general surgery to cardiology and heart-lung surgery (BBC News 2001).8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On 3 December 1967 at Cape Town’s Groote Schuur Hospital, Dr Barnard and his team carried o ut the world’s first heart transplant. (Holmes and Chapman, 2001)9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The patient was Louis Washkansky had only two days left to live when he received his donor heart from a 25 year old woman who had died in a car accident. (Holmes and Chapman, 2001)10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Washkansky survived only 18 days after the operation (death was because his body had rejected the new heart), the pioneering surgery was hailed a success and Barnard achieved great fame, although this had not been his aim at the time of the operation (Holmes and Chapman, 2001)11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The operation was made more remarkable by the fact that it was achieved in South Africa by a South African from a small town, as opposed to a surgeon from a much larger country.12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The operation did not only spark awe and ac claim, but also concern and criticism as some felt it was done too early, and was experimental.   Barnard himself said, after the death of his patient â€Å"I wouldn’t like to call this operation an experiment – it was the treatment of a sick patient. Although Washkansky died, I don’t think we have any evidence that transplantation is not good treatment for certain heart diseases† (Swazey and Fox, 2004)13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, today there is positive evidence that transplantation IS good treatment for heart diseases:  Ã‚   Approximately 1,600 heart transplants are performed each year in the United States. (Miller, 1996)14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within a very short space of time a number of American surgeons including Adrian Kantrowitz and Norman Shumway also performed transplants.   In 1968 108 transplants were performed, and in November of that year alone, 26. (Rothman, 1991)15.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Francis Moore, who was a professor of surgery at Harvard and at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and author of a book about the ethics of kidney transplants, â€Å"Give and Take† immediately recognized the implications of heart transplants for medical ethics, including the true definition of death, (Rothman, 1991).16.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In heart transplantation it is urgently necessary that the donated heart be as fresh as possible, and therefore the question is raised as to who decides whether or not the donor is dead. (Jecker, 1997)17.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless the pioneering surgery has paved the way for many advances in the field.   Since 1981, combined heart and lung transplants have been used to treat patients with conditions that severely damage both these organs. As of 1990, about 800 people worldwide have received heart/lung transplants.   (Miller , 1996)18.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1983, a major barrier to the success of transplantation- rejection of the donor organ by the patient-was overcome. The drug cyclosporine was introduced to suppress rejection of a donor heart or heart/lung by the patients body. Research is under way to develop even better ways to control transplant rejection and improve survival.   (Miller, 1996)19.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today 95% of patients who undergo heart transplant operations survive their first year, and over 50% survive for ten years or more (Holmes and Chapman, 2001)Transition (moving onto the conclusion)17.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, pioneering work done by Dr Christiaan Barnard in 1967 has given hope to many suffering from heart disease the world over.Conclusion (recapping what I have discussed in this speech)19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christiaan Barnard was a South African from a sm all town who researched and performed pioneering work, the first successful heart transplant.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the work was considered by some to be experimental and too early, and the patient survived just 18 days, much was learned and today because of knowledge gained during this procedure and further research done, the survival rate of these patients is much higher.21  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr Christiaan Barnard died on 2 September 2001, at the age of 78, while on holiday in Cyprus with his family (BBC News, 2001).ReferencesAnswers.com 2006 â€Å"Dr Christiaan Barnard† retrieved 6 August 2006 from the website http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnardBBC News â€Å"Pioneering Heart Surgeon Dies† 2001, retrieved 6 August 2006 from the website http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1521649.stmHolmes and Chapman, 2001 â€Å"Eureka!† Heinemann Educational PublishersJecke r, 1997, â€Å"Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods and Practice†, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, IncRothman, 1991 â€Å"Strangers at the Bedside† 1991Swazey and Fox, 2004, â€Å"The Courage to Fail† Transaction Publishers;